![]() ![]() Nevertheless, development of new tissue engineering strategies continually provides useful insights into in vitro tissue generation, liver biology, and cell-material interactions. An exceptional variety of approaches to liver tissue engineering have been developed over the past several decades with a minority of these approaches leading to clinical results. Temporary transplantation alternatives include extracorporeal liver assist devices, whereas tissue engineered livers offer a permanent solution. Transplantation is unfortunately severely limited by the deficit of available donor organs. ![]() Additionally, we also illustrate the disparity between gene expression and protein function in simple 2D culture modes, and that recreation of a physiologically mimetic 3D environment is necessary to induce both expression and function of cultured hepatocytes.Ĭurrently the only viable treatment for end stage liver disease is orthotropic liver transplantation. However, hepatocyte specific functions (albumin secretion, CYP activity, and bile transport) increases in more interconnected 3D-printed gelatin cultures compared to a less interconnected geometry and to 2D controls. An undifferentiated hepatocyte cell line (HUH7) demonstrated high viability and proliferation when seeded on 3D-printed scaffolds of two different geometries. In this study, we show the ability to precisely control pore geometry of 3D-printed gelatin scaffolds. However, the effect of differing geometries, while controlling for pore size, has yet to be investigated in the context of hepatocyte function. The creation of uniform and geometrically repetitive tissue scaffolds can also allow for the control over cellular aggregation and nutrient diffusion. Three dimensional (3D) printing is highly amenable to the fabrication of tissue-engineered organs of a repetitive microstructure such as the liver. ![]()
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